Free or low-cost health coverage is available for most children through Medicaid and CHIP, regardless of immigration status in many states. Here's what parents need to know.
Health Coverage for Children Through Medicaid and CHIP
Nearly every child in the United States can get free or low-cost health coverage through Medicaid or the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP). These programs cover doctor visits, hospital care, dental, vision, and much more — often at no cost to families.
What Is CHIP?
The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) covers children whose families earn too much for Medicaid but can't afford private insurance. CHIP fills the gap between Medicaid and private coverage.
- Medicaid covers children in very low-income families
- CHIP covers children in moderate-income families
- Together, they provide a continuum of coverage for children from birth through age 18 (19 in some states)
Income Limits for Children
Children qualify at higher income levels than adults. Most states cover children up to at least 200–250% of the Federal Poverty Level:
| State | Children's Income Limit |
|---|---|
| California | 266% FPL |
| New York | 400% FPL |
| Texas | 201% FPL |
| Florida | 210% FPL |
| Illinois | 313% FPL |
In many states, children from families earning $50,000–$80,000 per year still qualify for free or low-cost coverage.
What Does Children's Medicaid/CHIP Cover?
Federal law requires comprehensive coverage for children, including:
- Well-child visits — routine checkups at recommended intervals
- Immunizations — all recommended vaccines
- Dental care — cleanings, fillings, extractions, orthodontics in some states
- Vision care — eye exams and glasses
- Mental health services — therapy and counseling
- Hospital care — both inpatient and outpatient
- Prescription medications
- Hearing services — screenings and hearing aids
This comprehensive benefit package is called EPSDT (Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment).
What About Immigration Status?
Children's eligibility varies:
- U.S. citizen children: Qualify in all states based on income
- Lawfully present immigrant children: Can enroll immediately in most states (federal 5-year waiting period was eliminated for children and pregnant women)
- Undocumented children: Qualify in California, Illinois, Washington, and several other states that have extended coverage using state funds
How to Enroll Your Child
You can enroll your child year-round — there's no open enrollment period for Medicaid or CHIP. You can apply:
- Online through your state's Medicaid/CHIP portal
- At Healthcare.gov
- Through your child's school (many schools have enrollment assistance)
- At a pediatrician's office (many have navigators on staff)
- With a free enrollment specialist
What If My Income Changes?
Report income changes to your state Medicaid agency. If your income increases above the CHIP limit, your child may qualify for a subsidized marketplace plan. If income decreases, your child may qualify for Medicaid.
The Bottom Line
If your child is uninsured, they almost certainly qualify for free or very low-cost coverage through Medicaid or CHIP. Don't wait — apply today.